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Law

Licensed Conveyancer

A Licensed Conveyancer in the UK is a legal professional specialising in property law, particularly in the conveyancing process which involves transferring property from one party to another. Put simply, they deal with the legal and financial sides of buying and selling property and land.

  • Role and Responsibilities:
    • A Licensed Conveyancer manage all aspects of property transactions, from drafting contracts to conducting searches, ensuring all legal aspects are covered for buying, selling, remortgaging, or transferring property.
    • Unlike solicitors, who might handle a broader range of legal issues, Licensed Conveyancers focus primarily on property law, offering specialized service.
  • Qualifications and Training:
    • In the UK, to become a Licensed Conveyancer, one must complete the appropriate qualifications, which include the Level 4 and Level 6 Diplomas in Conveyancing Law and Practice, provided by recognized educational bodies and endorsed by the Council for Licensed Conveyancers (CLC).
    • After academic qualifications, candidates require 1200 hours of practical experience, which must be verified and can be obtained while working under a supervisor with a valid CLC licence.
    • After training, one must apply for a licence from the CLC, which evaluates whether the applicant is a “fit and proper person” to hold such a licence.
  • Regulation and Professional Bodies:
    • The CLC regulates Licensed Conveyancers in England and Wales. This body ensures adherence to professional standards, ethics, and continuing professional development (CPD), where conveyancers must undertake a certain amount of training annually to maintain their licence.
  • Benefits of Choosing a Licensed Conveyancer:
    • Specialisation: A Licensed Conveyancer bring deep expertise in conveyancing, potentially making the process smoother and quicker due to their focus.
    • Cost: Sometimes, Licensed Conveyancers might offer their services at a lower cost than general law firms or solicitors due to potentially lower overheads.
    • Community and Professional Support: Organizations like the Society of Licensed Conveyancers (SLC) provide networking, support, and resources, enhancing service quality through shared knowledge and best practices.
  • Online Competition:
    • It is a competitive market where conveyancers are keen to emphasise service quality and speed to attract clients.

When considering hiring a Licensed Conveyancer, it’s wise to check their credentials through the CLC “Find a Licensed Conveyancer“, understand their fee structure and get recommendations or reviews from previous clients for a well-rounded view of their service quality.

Check out the review of PM Property Lawyers.


The Ministry of Injustice is not the Ministry of Justice nor is it affiliated in any way with the justice system, legal profession, police or any other law enforcement agencies.

“Publicity is the very soul of justice. . . . It keeps the judge himself, while trying, under trial….Where there is no publicity there is no justice”

Jeremy Bentham – Mr Justice Cobb: ‘Justice must be seen to be done’

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Criminal Justice Family Law Law

The Courts of England and Wales

The jurisdiction of the courts in England and Wales refers to the legal authority or power that they have to hear and determine certain types of legal cases. The jurisdiction of the courts is determined by a combination of legislation, legal precedent, and court rules.

In England and Wales, there are several levels of courts with varying degrees of jurisdiction. These include:

Magistrates’ Courts: These are the lowest level of courts in England and Wales and they have jurisdiction over a wide range of criminal offenses, such as minor assaults, theft, and driving offenses. They also have limited jurisdiction in civil cases, such as small claims and some family law matters.

County Courts: These courts have jurisdiction over a wider range of civil cases, including contract disputes, personal injury claims, and landlord-tenant disputes. They also have some limited jurisdiction in family law matters, such as divorce and child custody.

Crown Court: This court has jurisdiction over the most serious criminal offenses, such as murder, rape, and drug trafficking. It also has some limited jurisdiction over civil cases.

High Court: This is the highest level of court in England and Wales, and it has jurisdiction over the most complex civil and criminal cases. The High Court has several divisions, including the Family Division, the Chancery Division, and the King’s Bench Division.

The Supreme Court: This is the final court of appeal in the UK for civil cases, and for criminal cases from England, Wales and Northern Ireland

In addition to these courts, there are also specialist courts in England and Wales, such as the Employment Tribunal, the Immigration and Asylum Tribunal, and the Mental Health Tribunal, which have jurisdiction over specific areas of law.

It is important to understand the jurisdiction of the courts in England and Wales when bringing a legal case, as it determines which court has the power to hear and determine your case. It is advisable to seek legal advice if you are unsure about which court has jurisdiction over your case.

Find contact details and information on courts and tribunals in England and Wales, and some non-devolved tribunals in Scotland.

Check out our related articles on Judiciary, Law Society, Solicitors, Barristers, Bar Council of England and Wales, Bar Standards Board, Solicitors Regulation Authority, Rule of Law, Open Justice and the highly questionable Sussex Family Justice Board.


The Ministry of Injustice is not the Ministry of Justice nor is it affiliated in any way with the justice system, legal profession, police or any other law enforcement agencies.

“Publicity is the very soul of justice. . . . It keeps the judge himself, while trying, under trial….Where there is no publicity there is no justice”

Jeremy Bentham – Mr Justice Cobb: ‘Justice must be seen to be done’

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You should always seek formal legal advice from a qualified and reputable lawyer (solicitor or barrister).

There are a number of links to Free and Paid For Legal Resources and Legal Organisations on the Free Legal Advice , Legal Aid and Pro Bono pages.

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Law Legal Analysis

Legal Deposit Libraries

The British Library and the other legal deposit libraries are entitled to copy UK published material from the internet for archiving under legal deposit.

If you publish anything in the UK and Ireland, you need to give one copy to the British Library. This system, called legal deposit, has existed in English law since 1662. It was updated in 2013 to include electronic publications.

British Library – Legal Deposit

Legal deposit libraries in the United Kingdom are also known as “copyright libraries” or “legal deposit institutions” Here are the six legal deposit libraries:

  1. The British Library – Located in London, it is the national library of the United Kingdom and one of the largest libraries in the world.
  2. Bodleian Library – Part of the University of Oxford, it is one of the oldest libraries in Europe.
  3. Cambridge University Library – The central library of the University of Cambridge, known for its extensive collections.
  4. National Library of Scotland – Located in Edinburgh, it serves as Scotland’s legal deposit library.
  5. National Library of Wales (Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru) – Situated in Aberystwyth, it holds the national collection of Welsh and Welsh-related materials.
  6. Trinity College Library, Dublin – Although located in Ireland, it was included in the legal deposit system when Ireland was part of the United Kingdom. This arrangement continues post-independence for works published in the UK.

These libraries are protected by law to ensure that there is a complete collection of the UK’s published output preserved for posterity.

The Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003 extended the legal deposit requirement to include non-print works, such as websites, blogs, and other digital and multimedia publications ensuring that modern forms of publication are also archived.

Archiving of UK websites is governed by legal deposit law:

The legal deposit libraries use web crawling software wherever possible, especially when collecting for the UK Web Archive. Web crawling is an automated process used to collect content and metadata that is available without access restriction on the open web. Crawled websites and material are preserved in the legal deposit libraries’ web archive. We may also use manual or other methods of downloading content and metadata when necessary.

Legal deposit and web archiving – British Library

The UK Web Archive is a collection of archived UK websites created by the Legal Deposit libraries in the UK as part of their commitment to preserve web resources permanently for future researchers. 

The UK Government Web Archive captures, preserves and make accessible UK central government information published on the web. The Web Archive includes videos, tweets, images and websites dating from 1996 to the present day.

There are a number of other internet archives including The Wayback Machine which is a digital archive of the global World Wide Web and other information on the Internet. It was created by the Internet Archive, a non-profit organization based in San Francisco.

“What goes on the internet, stays on the internet forever !”

Check out our related articles on Rule of Law, Open Justice, What is Law, Is the Law Black and White ?, Abuse of Process, What Does Lady Justice Symbolise ?, McKenzie Friend, Can a Judge Direct a Jury to Find a Defendant Not Guilty ?, Law Society, Law Commission, McKenzie Friend Right of Audience, Solicitors, Solicitors Regulation Authority, Barristers, Bar Council of England and Wales, Bar Standards Board, Contra Mundum, R v Sussex Justices, Police Impartiality and the highly questionable Sussex Family Justice Board.


The Ministry of Injustice is not the Ministry of Justice nor is it affiliated in any way with the justice system, legal profession, police or any other law enforcement agencies.

“Publicity is the very soul of justice. . . . It keeps the judge himself, while trying, under trial….Where there is no publicity there is no justice”

Jeremy Bentham – Mr Justice Cobb: ‘Justice must be seen to be done’

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Law Legal Analysis

E-Scooters and the Law

Owning an Electric Scooter (e-scooter) in the UK is legal, but riding one on public roads or pavements remains illegal unless it’s part of a government-approved rental scheme. These rental schemes are operational in various cities under trial conditions, allowing users to rent and ride e-scooters legally on certain roads and cycle lanes but not on pavements.

Study reveals ‘alarming number’ of e-scooter riders and cyclists ignoring law in London

E-Scooter Law

It is against the law to use a privately owned Electric Scooter (e-scooter) on public land. If you use an e-scooter illegally :-

  • you could face a fine
  • you could get penalty points on your licence
  • the e-scooter could be impounded

E-scooters are classed as motor vehicles (Powered Transporter) under Section 165 of the Road Traffic Act 1988 which means the rules that apply to motor vehicles, also apply to e-scooters including the need to have a licence, insurance and tax. Electric scooters are also classed as Personal Light Electric Vehicles (PLEVs) under UK law.

If you’re using an e-scooter in public in an antisocial manner, you can also risk the e-scooter being seized under Section 59 of the Police Reform Act 2002.

It is an offence to use e-scooters on the pavement. In Section 72 of the Highway Act 1835 it is an offence to ride on, or to lead or draw a carriage on a pavement. This rule applies almost all vehicles, with only legal exceptions for mobility scooters and wheelchairs.

If you cause serious harm to another person whilst riding an e-scooter the incident will be investigated in the same way it would if you were riding a motorcycle or driving a car. 

E-scooter Trials

The government has begun trials of e-scooters. Trials are for approved rental e-scooters only. The existing rules for private e-scooters and other powered transporters have not changed.

E-scooter trials are taking place in these areas:

  • Bournemouth and Poole
  • Buckinghamshire (Aylesbury, High Wycombe and Princes Risborough)
  • Cambridge
  • Essex (Basildon, Braintree, Chelmsford and Colchester)
  • Gloucestershire (Cheltenham and Gloucester)
  • Liverpool
  • London (participating boroughs)
  • Milton Keynes
  • Newcastle
  • North and West Northamptonshire (Northampton, Kettering, Corby, Wellingborough, Rushden and Higham Ferrers)
  • North Devon
  • Norwich
  • Oxfordshire (Oxford)
  • Salford
  • Slough
  • Solent (Isle of Wight, Portsmouth and Southampton)
  • Somerset (Taunton, Minehead and Yeovil)
  • West Midlands (Birmingham)
  • West of England Combined Authority (Bristol and Bath)

The maximum speed for an e-scooter is 15.5mph.

Trial e-scooters are limited to this speed and in some areas e-scooters may be limited to a lower maximum speed.

E-scooter trials: guidance for users

E-scooters must have motor insurance, but you do not need to arrange this as this will be provided by your e-scooter rental operator.

You may use a trial e-scooter on the road (except motorways) and in cycle lanes.

You must not use an e-scooter on the pavement.

E-scooters do not need to be registered, display registration plates or pay vehicle excise duty.

Licence Requirements

You must have the category Q entitlement on your driving licence to use an e-scooter. A full or provisional UK licence for categories AM, A or B includes entitlement for category Q. If you have one of these licences, you can use an e-scooter.

If you have a provisional licence, you do not need to show L plates when using a rental e-scooter.

If you have an overseas driving licence, you can use an e-scooter if you:

  • have a valid full licence from an EU or European Economic Area (EEA) country (so long as this does not prohibit you from driving low-speed mopeds and motorcycles)
  • have a valid full licence from another country that entitles you to drive a small vehicle (for example, cars, mopeds or motorcycles) and you entered the UK within the last 12 months

E-Scooter Guidance and Links

The Department for Transport (DOT) has published Guidance E-scooter trials.

The Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA) and DOT have also published Guidance on Powered Transporters.

City of London Police published Advice on using e-scooters.

The Metropolitan Police has also published Advice on using e-scooters.

Halfords, who are a major retailer of e-scooters, published Are Electric Scooters Legal?.

E-Scooters and Drug Dealers

Drugs are being openly sold on the streets by drug dealers with seemingly little to no action being taken by the Police to deal with this. See our article Drug Dealing on the Street.

Drug Dealers are usually illegally riding a speed modified e-scooter or e-bike and have their face covered. An e-scooter, it would seem, are the perfect means of transport to evade arrest.

No one should be above the law. Everyone, no matter how wealthy or powerful, are subject to the Rule of Law.

Check out our articles on Policing,Police News, Policing by Consent,Two Tiered Policing,Drug Dealing on the Street,Wasting Police Time,Met Police,Sussex Police,Chief Constable Jo Shiner Sussex Police and the highly questionable Sussex Family Justice Board.


The Ministry of Injustice is not the Ministry of Justice nor is it affiliated in any way with the justice system, legal profession, police or any other law enforcement agencies.

“Publicity is the very soul of justice. . . . It keeps the judge himself, while trying, under trial….Where there is no publicity there is no justice”

Jeremy Bentham – Mr Justice Cobb: ‘Justice must be seen to be done’

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You should always seek formal legal advice from a qualified and reputable lawyer (solicitor or barrister).

There are a number of links to Free and Paid For Legal Resources and Legal Organisations on the Free Legal Advice , Legal Aid and Pro Bono pages.

Categories
Law Legal Analysis

Misconduct in Public Office

Misconduct in public office is a common law offence in the United Kingdom that is defined as an individual who, being a public officer, acting in that capacity or under the pretence of such office, wilfully neglects to perform his duty and/or wilfully misconducts himself to such a degree as to amount to an abuse of the public’s trust in the office holder.

This offence carries a maximum sentence of life imprisonment and is considered to be one of the most serious offences that a public official can commit.

Where there is clear evidence of one or more statutory offences, they should usually form the basis of the case, with the ‘public office’ element being put forward as an aggravating factor for sentencing purposes.

The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) prosecutes criminal cases that have been investigated by the police and other investigative organisations in England and Wales.

What is a Public Officer ?

The prosecution must have evidence to show that the suspect is a ‘public officer’. There is no simple definition and each case must be assessed individually, taking into account the nature of the role, the duties carried out and the level of public trust involved.

The courts have been reluctant to provide a detailed definition of a public officer. The case law contains an element of circularity, in that the cases tend to define a public officer as a person who carries out a public duty or has an office of trust. 

It is extremely difficult to extract from the cases any general identifying features of public officers in a contemporary context. A person may fall within the meaning of a ‘public officer’ where one or more of the following characteristics applies to a role or function that they exercise with respect to the public at large: 

  • Judicial or quasi-judicial
  • Regulatory
  • Punitive
  • Coercive
  • Investigative
  • Representative (of the public at large)
  • Responsibility for public funds 
CPS Misconduct in Public Office

Types of Public Office

The following have been accepted as holding a public office by the courts over several centuries: 

  • Coroner (1675) Parker 2 Lev 140
  • Constable (1703) Wyatt 1 Salk 380
  • Accountant in the office of the Paymaster General (1783) Bembridge 3 Doug
  • K.B. 32
  • Justice of the Peace (1791) Sainsbury 4 T.R 451
  • Executive or ministerial officer (1819) R v Friar 1 Chit.Rep (KB) 702
  • Gaoler (1827) Cope 6 A%E 226
  • Mayor or burgess (1828) Henly v Mayor of Lyme 5 Bing 91
  • Magistrates Pinney (1832) 110 ER 349
  • Overseer of the poor (1891) Hall 1 QB 747
  • Army officer (1914) Whitaker 10 Cr.App.R.245
  • County Court registrar (district judge) (1968) Llewellyn-Jones 1 Q.B.429
  • Police officer (1979) Dytham 69 Cr.App.R.387
  • Local authority employees (1995) Bowden 4 All E.R 505
  • DVLA employees Att Gen’s Ref (No 140 of 2004) [2004] EWCA Crim 3525
  • Police Community Support Officer Amar Iqbal [2008] EWCA Crim 2066
  • Immigration officers John-Ayo [2009] 1 Cr App R (S) 71
  • Those in charge of police computer systems Gallagher [2010] EWCA Crim 3201
  • Nurses working within a prison Cosford [2014] QB 81
  • Church of England clergy James (1850) 2 Den 1, 169 ER 393 though its authority was doubted in the unreported case of Ball (8 September 2015) in which Wilkie J ruled that a Church of England Bishop was a public office holder.
  • Local councillor (2004) R v Speechley [2004] EWCA Crim 3067
  • Member of the Independent Monitoring Board for prisons (2010) R v Belton [2010] EWCA Crim 2857 
CPS Misconduct in Public Office

History of Misconduct in Public Office

The offence of misconduct in public office was first recognized by the English courts in the 18th century.

The earliest known case is that of Lord Ferrers in 1760, where he was charged with and found guilty of the murder of his steward, whom he had dismissed. Lord Ferrers was executed for his offence, and his case set the precedent for the use of the offence of misconduct in public office in cases involving abuse of power by public officials.

Elements of Misconduct in Public Office

The offence of misconduct in public office is comprised of three key elements. Firstly, the defendant must be a public officer. This includes anyone who holds public office, regardless of whether they are elected, appointed, or employed by the state.

Secondly, the defendant must have acted in their capacity as a public officer or under the pretence of such office. The courts have held that this element is satisfied if the defendant’s misconduct is in some way connected to their public office, even if it does not involve the direct exercise of their official duties.

Thirdly, the defendant must have wilfully neglected to perform their duty and/or wilfully misconducted themselves to such a degree as to amount to an abuse of the public’s trust in the office holder. The courts have held that wilfulness is an essential ingredient of this offence. This means that the defendant must have intended to neglect their duty or to act in a way that amounts to an abuse of the public’s trust.

Application of Misconduct in Public Office in Case Law

Misconduct in public office has been used in a variety of contexts, including cases involving police officers, politicians, and civil servants.

One high-profile case involving misconduct in public office is that of R v Dytham. In this case, a police officer who failed to intervene when he witnessed a murder was found guilty of this offence.

Another notable case is that of R v Chaytor, where a Member of Parliament who had claimed false expenses was found guilty of this offence.

Modern Significance of Misconduct in Public Office

The offence of misconduct in public office is still relevant in the modern legal system. In 2021, two Metropolitan Police officers were charged with misconduct in public office in connection with the investigation into the disappearance of Sarah Everard. The charges related to allegations that the officers had taken photographs of Ms. Everard’s body and shared them with others.

Misconduct in public office is a serious offence that is used in cases involving public officials who abuse their power. The offence has a long history in the UK legal system, and it remains relevant in modern times. The elements of the offence are well established, and it has been applied in a variety of contexts, including cases involving police officers, politicians, and civil servants. While the offence carries a maximum sentence of life imprisonment, the courts have been careful to ensure that it is only used in cases where the defendant’s conduct is truly egregious and amounts to a serious abuse of the public’s trust.

It is worth noting that the offence of misconduct in public office is not without controversy. Some commentators have argued that the offence is too vague and open-ended, and that it can be used to prosecute individuals for conduct that is not clearly criminal. There have also been concerns that the offence is disproportionately used against public officials, and that it is not used often enough in cases involving private sector individuals who engage in similar conduct.

Despite these criticisms, the offence of misconduct in public office remains an important tool for prosecutors in cases where public officials have abused their power. As with all criminal offences, it is important that the offence is applied in a fair and consistent manner, and that individuals are not prosecuted for conduct that does not clearly amount to an abuse of the public’s trust.

If you are facing allegations of misconduct in public office, it is important to seek legal advice as soon as possible. A qualified criminal defence lawyer can help you to understand the charges against you and develop a strategy for defending yourself in court.

Check out our related articles on the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), HM Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate (HMCPSI), Rule of Law, Open Justice, Victims’ Right to Review (VRR), Is the Law Black and White ?, Abuse of Process, What Does Lady Justice Symbolise ?, McKenzie Friend, Can a Judge Direct a Jury to Find a Defendant Not Guilty ?,Law Society, Law Commission, McKenzie Friend Right of Audience, Solicitors, Solicitors Regulation Authority, Barristers, Bar Council of England and Wales, Bar Standards Board, Contra Mundum, R v Sussex Justices, Police Impartiality and the highly questionable Sussex Family Justice Board.


The Ministry of Injustice is not the Ministry of Justice nor is it affiliated in any way with the justice system, legal profession, police or any other law enforcement agencies.

“Publicity is the very soul of justice. . . . It keeps the judge himself, while trying, under trial….Where there is no publicity there is no justice”

Jeremy Bentham – Mr Justice Cobb: ‘Justice must be seen to be done’

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You should always seek formal legal advice from a qualified and reputable lawyer (solicitor or barrister).

There are a number of links to Free and Paid For Legal Resources and Legal Organisations on the Free Legal Advice , Legal Aid and Pro Bono pages.

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Criminal Justice Family Law Law Legal Analysis Legal Professionals

BlackBelt Barrister

Daniel ShenSmith is a practising Barrister and Mediator who is also known as the BlackBelt Barrister.

blackbelt barrister youtube

“I am a Barrister of England and Wales who helps you understand law”

Daniel ShenSmith BlackBelt Barrister Youtube

The BlackBeltBarrister YouTube channel provides free legal guidance and explains the different aspects of law, legal principles, and procedures. As of the 5th August 2026, the Black Belt Barrister has 951k subscribers and 2.8k videos.

The BlackBelt Barrister should not be confused with the Secret Barrister.

Black Belt Barrister is not a replacement for formal legal advice but it is highly informative and may help you to understand more about the law.

BlackBeltBarrister is a registered trademark.

Highly Recommended ★★★★★

Latest BlackBelt Barrister YouTube Videos

Check out our related articles on Rule of Law, Open Justice, What is Law, Is the Law Black and White ?, Branches of Law, Bullying, Harassment and Discrimination at the Bar, The Secret Barrister, Barristers, Direct Access Barrister, Barristers Behaving Badly, Inns of Court, Council of the Inns of Court, Bar Standards Board, Bar Tribunal and Adjudication Services, Bar Council, Innocent until Proven Guilty and the highly questionable Sussex Family Justice Board.


The Ministry of Injustice is not the Ministry of Justice nor is it affiliated in any way with the justice system, legal profession, police or any other law enforcement agencies.

“Publicity is the very soul of justice. . . . It keeps the judge himself, while trying, under trial….Where there is no publicity there is no justice”

Jeremy Bentham – Mr Justice Cobb: ‘Justice must be seen to be done’

Latest Articles


Most Popular


You should always seek formal legal advice from a qualified and reputable lawyer (solicitor or barrister).

There are a number of links to Free and Paid For Legal Resources and Legal Organisations on the Free Legal Advice , Legal Aid and Pro Bono pages.

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Law

Rule of Law

The rule of law is a fundamental principle of democratic societies that underpins the concept of justice and fairness.

It refers to the idea that all individuals and institutions are subject to the same set of laws and procedures, regardless of their position or status.

This means that the law should be applied equally to everyone, without discrimination, and that no one is above the law.

Origins of the Rule of Law

The origins of the rule of law can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as Greece and Rome, where it was seen as a key component of a just and stable society.

In ancient Greece, the philosopher Aristotle wrote about the importance of the rule of law in preventing the abuse of power and promoting the common good.

Similarly, in ancient Rome, the idea of the rule of law was embodied in the concept of “equal protection under the law,” which was enshrined in the Roman legal system.

In more recent times, the rule of law has been a central tenet of modern democratic societies.

It was first articulated as a formal principle during the Enlightenment, when thinkers such as Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau argued that the power of the state should be limited by law, and that citizens should have certain rights and freedoms that were protected by the law.

Importance of the Rule of Law

The rule of law is important for several reasons. First and foremost, it helps to ensure that everyone is treated fairly and equally under the law. This means that no one can be arbitrarily deprived of their rights or subjected to unfair treatment by those in positions of power.

Secondly, the rule of law is crucial for maintaining social order and stability. When people believe that the law is just and that it is being applied fairly, they are more likely to respect it and to comply with it voluntarily. This helps to prevent social unrest and disorder, and ensures that conflicts are resolved through peaceful means.

Thirdly, the rule of law is essential for protecting individual freedoms and rights. By providing a framework of laws and procedures that are designed to protect individual rights, such as freedom of speech, assembly, and religion, the rule of law helps to prevent abuses of power and ensures that people are able to live their lives in accordance with their own values and beliefs.

The Rule of Law in the UK

The rule of law is a fundamental principle of the UK’s constitutional system. It is enshrined in a number of key legal documents, including the Magna Carta, the Bill of Rights 1689, and the Human Rights Act 1998.

In practice, the rule of law is upheld by the judiciary, which is independent of the government and other branches of the state. The courts are responsible for interpreting and applying the law, and for ensuring that the government and other public bodies act in accordance with the law.

The rule of law is also central to the UK’s relationship with the European Union. As a member of the EU, the UK was bound by EU law and subject to the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice.

This helped to ensure that the UK government and other public bodies acted in accordance with EU law and that citizens were able to enforce their rights under EU law.

The Rule of Law around the World

The rule of law is also an important principle in the international arena. It is enshrined in the United Nations Charter and in a number of other international agreements and treaties.

One of the key functions of international law is to promote the rule of law in relations between states, by providing a framework for the peaceful resolution of disputes and the protection of human rights. International law also helps to promote cooperation and collaboration between states, by setting out common standards and norms for behaviour.

However, the rule of law is not always respected in the international arena. In some parts of the world, governments and other institutions may be corrupt or lack the capacity to enforce the law effectively. This can lead to human rights abuses, social unrest, and conflict.

In addition, there are concerns about the erosion of the rule of law in some countries, as governments may seek to restrict the rights and freedoms of their citizens in the name of national security or other interests.

The Importance of Upholding the Rule of Law

The rule of law is a fundamental principle of democratic societies, and its importance cannot be overstated. When the rule of law is respected, it helps to ensure that all individuals and institutions are held accountable, and that everyone is treated fairly and equally under the law.

The rule of law is also essential for maintaining social order and stability, protecting individual freedoms and rights, and promoting cooperation and collaboration between states.

In order to uphold the rule of law, it is essential that governments and other institutions act in accordance with the law, and that the judiciary is independent and impartial. It is also important for citizens to be informed about their rights and responsibilities under the law, and to be able to enforce those rights through the courts if necessary.

The rule of law is a fundamental principle of democratic societies, and its importance cannot be overstated. It helps to ensure that all individuals and institutions are held accountable, and that everyone is treated fairly and equally under the law.

In the UK, the rule of law is enshrined an unwritten constitution made up of various sources, including statutes, case law, and conventions which is upheld by an independent judiciary. The principle of the rule of law is an important aspect of the UK’s constitutional framework.

The UK’s longstanding commitment to the Rule of Law is under grave threat according to the landmark report The State We’re In: Addressing Threats & Challenges to the Rule of Law written by the legal charity JUSTICE.

In the world, the rule of law is an important principle in international relations, and is enshrined in a number of international agreements and treaties. However, there are concerns about the erosion of the rule of law in some countries, and the need to promote and protect the rule of law globally.

Ultimately, the rule of law is essential for promoting justice, fairness, and equality in societies around the world, and for ensuring that human rights and freedoms are protected and respected.

Check out our articles on the Justice System, Open Justice, Repeal a Law, Lady Chief Justice, Open Justice Licence ?, R v Sussex Justices, Litigants in Person, McKenzie Friend, Reasonable Person Test, What is Bail ?, Do you Have to Bow to a Judge ?, Can you Email a Judge ?, Can you Criticise a Judge ? and the highly dubious Sussex Family Justice Board.


The Ministry of Injustice is not the Ministry of Justice nor is it affiliated in any way with the justice system, legal profession, police or any other law enforcement agencies.

“Publicity is the very soul of justice. . . . It keeps the judge himself, while trying, under trial….Where there is no publicity there is no justice”

Jeremy Bentham – Mr Justice Cobb: ‘Justice must be seen to be done’

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You should always seek formal legal advice from a qualified and reputable lawyer (solicitor or barrister).

There are a number of links to Free and Paid For Legal Resources and Legal Organisations on the Free Legal Advice , Legal Aid and Pro Bono pages.

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Law

Innocent until proven guilty

The concept of “innocent until proven guilty” is a fundamental principle of the justice system in many countries around the world. The principle is that an individual is considered innocent until proven guilty in a court of law. It is also known as “The presumption of innocence”.

This principle is enshrined in the Human Rights Act 1998 and the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights.

What is the concept of innocent until proven guilty ?

The concept of innocent until proven guilty dates back to ancient Roman law. It is a cornerstone of the justice system in many countries around the world. The principle is based on the idea that an individual is presumed innocent until the prosecution proves otherwise. This principle is essential because it protects the rights of the accused and ensures that justice is served.

The Human Rights Act 1998

The Human Rights Act 1998 is a piece of legislation in the United Kingdom that incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law. The act is intended to protect the rights and freedoms of individuals in the UK. One of the most important rights protected by the Human Rights Act 1998 is the right to a fair trial.

The right to a fair trial includes the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty. This means that the prosecution must prove the guilt of the accused beyond a reasonable doubt. The right to a fair trial also includes the right to legal representation, the right to examine witnesses, and the right to a public trial.

(1) In the determination of his civil rights and obligations or of any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law. Judgment shall be pronounced publicly but the press and public may be excluded from all or part of the trial in the interest of morals, public order or national security in a democratic society, where the interests of juveniles or the protection of the private life of the parties so require, or to the extent strictly necessary in the opinion of the court in special circumstances where publicity would prejudice the interests of justice.

(2) Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law.

(3) Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights:

(a)to be informed promptly, in a language which he understands and in detail, of the nature and cause of the accusation against him;

(b)to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence;

(c)to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing or, if he has not sufficient means to pay for legal assistance, to be given it free when the interests of justice so require;

(d)to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him;

(e)to have the free assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand or speak the language used in court.

Right to a Fair Trial Article 6 Human Rights Act 1998

The United Nations Declaration of Human Rights

The United Nations Declaration of Human Rights is a document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. The declaration sets out a range of fundamental human rights that should be protected around the world. The declaration includes the right to a fair trial.

Article 11 of the declaration states that “Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.” This article emphasizes the importance of the presumption of innocence and the right to a fair trial.

Trial by media

The issue of trial by media has become increasingly prevalent in recent years. Trial by media refers to the situation where an individual is tried and convicted in the court of public opinion before they have had a chance to defend themselves in a court of law. This situation is often exacerbated by sensationalist media coverage and the use of social media.

Trial by media can have a significant impact on the accused, including damage to their reputation and public humiliation. In some cases, trial by media can even lead to the denial of a fair trial.

Examples of trial by media

One example of trial by media occurred in the case of Amanda Knox, an American student who was accused of murdering her roommate in Italy in 2007. The case received extensive media coverage, with many media outlets portraying Knox as guilty before the trial even began. Knox was eventually acquitted, but the media coverage had a significant impact on her reputation.

Another example of trial by media occurred in the case of Barry George, who was accused of murdering British television presenter Jill Dando in 1999. The media coverage of the case was highly sensationalised, and George was portrayed as guilty before the trial even began. George was eventually acquitted, but the media coverage had a lasting impact on his reputation.

In conclusion, the principle of innocent until proven guilty is a fundamental aspect of the justice system in many countries around the world. It is essential to protect the rights of the accused and ensure that justice is served.

The issue of trial by media must be addressed to ensure that individuals are not unfairly tried and convicted in the court of public opinion. The media has a responsibility to report fairly and objectively on legal proceedings, and individuals have the right to a fair trial, including the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty.


The Ministry of Injustice is not the Ministry of Justice nor is it affiliated in any way with the justice system, legal profession, police or any other law enforcement agencies.

“Publicity is the very soul of justice. . . . It keeps the judge himself, while trying, under trial….Where there is no publicity there is no justice”

Jeremy Bentham – Mr Justice Cobb: ‘Justice must be seen to be done’

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You should always seek formal legal advice from a qualified and reputable lawyer (solicitor or barrister).

There are a number of links to Free and Paid For Legal Resources and Legal Organisations on the Free Legal Advice , Legal Aid and Pro Bono pages.

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Government Judiciary Law Legal Professionals

Lord Chancellor

Alex Norris was appointed Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice on the 20th July 2026. He was previously Minister of State at the Home Office between 6th September 2025 and July 20th 2026.

He was previously Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government between 9th July 2024 and 6th September 2025.

Alex has been the MP for Nottingham North and Kimberley (and its predecessor Nottingham North) since June 2017.

What is the role of the Lord Chancellor ?

The Lord Chancellor is one of the most ancient offices of state, dating back many centuries.

The Lord Chancellor, formally the lord high chancellor of Great Britain, is the highest-ranking traditional minister among the Great Officers of State in Scotland and England in the United Kingdom, nominally outranking even the prime minister.

The Lord Chancellor is responsible for the administration of the courts, prison system, legal aid, and probation services in England and Wales

The Lord Chancellor is appointed by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister and is a senior member of the Cabinet. They head the Ministry of Justice as the Secretary of State for Justice.

You should read the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 which explains the transfer of some powers from the Lord Chancellor to the Lord Chief Justice.

Oath of the Lord Chancellor

The Lord Chancellor takes a sincere and solemn Oath from Part 2 Section 17 of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005

“I,     , do swear that in the office of Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain I will respect the rule of law, defend the independence of the judiciary and discharge my duty to ensure the provision of resources for the efficient and effective support of the courts for which I am responsible. So help me God.”

Oath of the Lord Chancellor Part 2 Section 17 Constitutional Reform Act 2005

Previous Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice

  1. The Rt Hon David Lammy MP 2025 to 2026
  2. The Rt Hon Shabana Mahmood MP 2024 to 2025
  3. The Rt Hon Alex Chalk KC 2023 to 2024
  4. The Rt Hon Dominic Raab MP 2022 to 2023
  5. The Rt Hon Brandon Lewis CBE MP 2022 to 2022
  6. The Rt Hon Dominic Raab MP 2021 to 2022
  7. The Rt Hon Robert Buckland KC MP 2019 to 2021
  8. The Rt Hon David Gauke 2018 to 2019
  9. The Rt Hon David Lidington CBE 2017 to 2018
  10. The Rt Hon Elizabeth Truss MP 2016 to 2017
  11. The Rt Hon Michael Gove MP 2015 to 2016
  12. The Rt Hon Chris Grayling MP 2012 to 2015
  13. The Rt Hon Kenneth Clarke KC 2010 to 2012

Photo Credit : David Lammy

Check out the related articles on the Government Legal Department (GLD), Attorney General, Solicitor General, Lady Chief Justice, Justice Secretary, Rule of Law, Open Justice, Law, Is the Law Black and White ?, Government Legal Department, Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), Abuse of Process, What Does Lady Justice Symbolise ?, McKenzie Friend, Can a Judge Direct a Jury to Find a Defendant Not Guilty ?, Law Society, Law Commission, McKenzie Friend Right of Audience, Solicitors, Solicitors Regulation Authority, Barristers, Bar Council of England and Wales, Bar Standards Board, R v Sussex Justices, Police Impartiality and the highly questionable Sussex Family Justice Board.


The Ministry of Injustice is not the Ministry of Justice nor is it affiliated in any way with the justice system, legal profession, police or any other law enforcement agencies.

“Publicity is the very soul of justice. . . . It keeps the judge himself, while trying, under trial….Where there is no publicity there is no justice”

Jeremy Bentham – Mr Justice Cobb: ‘Justice must be seen to be done’

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Most Popular


You should always seek formal legal advice from a qualified and reputable lawyer (solicitor or barrister).

There are a number of links to Free and Paid For Legal Resources and Legal Organisations on the Free Legal Advice , Legal Aid and Pro Bono pages.

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Law

Gambling Act 2005

The Gambling Act 2005 is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Its primary purpose is to regulate and control all forms of gambling within England, Wales, and Scotland. Enacted in 2005, this legislation aimed to consolidate existing gambling laws while introducing essential updates to address the evolving gambling industry.

Key Concepts and Licensing Objectives

  1. Licensing Objectives:
    • The Act outlines four key licensing objectives:
      • Preventing gambling from being a source of crime or disorder
      • Ensuring gambling is conducted fairly and openly
      • Protecting children and vulnerable individuals
      • Preventing gambling from being used to support crime
  2. Types of Gambling Covered:
    • The Act covers various forms of gambling, including:
      • Gaming: This includes both games of chance and equal chance gaming.
      • Betting: General betting, spread bets, prize competitions, pool betting, and betting intermediaries.
      • Lotteries: Both commercial and non-commercial lotteries fall under its purview.
      • Cross-Category Activities: Addressing the intersection of betting, gaming, and lotteries.
  3. The Role of the Gambling Commission:
    • The Act established the Gambling Commission, responsible for regulating and overseeing gambling activities.
    • The Commission ensures compliance with licensing objectives, issues operating licenses, and provides guidance to local authorities.
  4. Protection of Children and Young Persons:
    • The Act prohibits gambling-related harm to children and young individuals.
    • It defines offenses related to inviting children to gamble, entering gambling premises, and providing facilities for gambling.
  5. Operating Licenses:
    • The Act outlines procedures for obtaining operating licenses.
    • It covers remote gambling, general conditions imposed by the Commission, and the nature of licenses.

Impact and Ongoing Relevance

The Gambling Act 2005 has significantly shaped the gambling industry in the UK. It addressed online gambling, casino regulations, and Fixed Odds Betting Terminals (FOBTs). Its provisions continue to guide responsible gambling practices and protect consumers.

Gambling Commission

The Gambling Commission is a crucial regulatory body in the United Kingdom, responsible for overseeing and supervising gambling activities within Great Britain. Here are the key details about this organization:

  1. Role and Responsibilities:
    • The Gambling Commission licenses, regulates, advises, and provides guidance to individuals and businesses involved in gambling.
    • Its remit covers various aspects of the gambling industry, including arcades, betting, bingo, casinos, slot machines, lotteries, and remote gambling (online and by phone).
    • Notably, spread betting falls outside its jurisdiction.
  2. Functions and Focus Areas:
    • Licensing: The Commission issues operating licenses to gambling businesses, ensuring compliance with legal requirements.
    • Consumer Protection: It safeguards consumers by enforcing standards, promoting fair play, and preventing harm.
    • Transparency and Accountability: The Commission publishes research, statistics, and transparency reports to maintain openness and accountability.
  3. Key Initiatives and Guidance:
    • Safer Gambling: The Commission emphasizes responsible gambling practices, aiming to protect vulnerable individuals.
    • Financial Verification: It ensures that gambling operators verify customers’ age, identity, and financial details.
    • Industry Standards: The Commission works to raise industry standards, keep crime out of gambling, and protect children.
  4. Contact and Resources:
    • If you need information, support, or want to check a licensed gambling business, visit the official Gambling Commission website.
    • You can also explore their published statistics, research, and guidance.

Criminal Penalties

  1. Cheating at Gambling:
  2. Failure to Comply with Licensing Terms:
  3. Providing Facilities for Gambling Illegally:
  4. Investigation and Prosecution:

Remember that these penalties aim to maintain integrity and fairness in the gambling industry while safeguarding consumers and licensed operators alike.

General Election Gambling Scandal 2024

The Met Police are to take the lead in investigations into some of the allegations about bets placed by politicians on the general election 2024.

Industry regulator the Gambling Commission will continue to lead inquiries into cases “where the alleged offending is limited to breaches of the Gambling Act only”, a Metropolitan Police spokesperson told the BBC.

But detectives would be in charge of “a small number of cases” where other offences might also be involved, such as misconduct in public office, the spokesperson added.

BBC News

The Gambling Act 2005 remains a legislative framework that balances industry growth with social responsibility. As the gambling landscape evolves, its principles continue to guide regulators, operators, and players alike.

For the full text of the Act, you can refer to the official legislation document.

If you’re worried about how gambling makes you or someone else feel, GambleAware can help, visit their website or call 0808 8020 133 (Free).


The Ministry of Injustice is not the Ministry of Justice nor is it affiliated in any way with the justice system, legal profession, police or any other law enforcement agencies.

“Publicity is the very soul of justice. . . . It keeps the judge himself, while trying, under trial….Where there is no publicity there is no justice”

Jeremy Bentham – Mr Justice Cobb: ‘Justice must be seen to be done’

Latest Articles


Most Popular


You should always seek formal legal advice from a qualified and reputable lawyer (solicitor or barrister).

There are a number of links to Free and Paid For Legal Resources and Legal Organisations on the Free Legal Advice , Legal Aid and Pro Bono pages.

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